L’agricoltura sostenibile usa le api come guardie del corpo delle piante contro i parassiti

Gli industriosi insetti, famosi per il miele e per l’importante ruolo svolto dall’impollinazione nel mantenimento degli equilibri naturali, hanno anche un altro importantissimo compito, individuato di recente dagli scienziati. Le api, infatti, sono delle vere e proprie guardie del corpo per le piante, e contribuiscono a proteggerle da numerosi attacchi esterni.

Se ne parla in una recente ricerca pubblicata dalla rivista di divulgazione scientifica Current Biology e realizzata da Jürgen Tautz della Biozentrum Universität Würzburg, in Germania. A spostare l’attenzione sulle api è il sempre più crescente utilizzo su larga scala di pesticidi e disserbanti chimici che ne mette in pericolo la sopravvivenza, minando anche altre specie vegetali e animali. Sembra incredibile come un insetto così piccolo possa avere un ruolo così determinante nel mantenimento degli ecosistemi terrestri, ma ciò testimonia l’importanza della preservazione di tutte le creature viventi, come tasselli fondamentali di un medesimo puzzle: il ciclo della vita.
Gli studiosi hanno scoperto che le api contribuiscono a proteggere le piante dall’insediamento dei bruchi.

Molti bruchi, infatti, sono dotati un sistema sensoriale sulla superficie pilifera nella parte anteriore del corpo che consente di captare le vibrazioni dell’aria, intercettando in tal modo l’arrivo delle api grazie al classico brusìo emesso dagli insetti. I bruchi non sono però in grado di distinguere se si tratta di un’ape, per loro innocua, o di una ben più pericolosa vespa. Nel momento in cui avvertono il ronzìo scendono dalla pianta e si catapultano giù, lasciando libero il vegetale assediato.
Gli alberi da frutto con molti fiori che vengono presi di mira dalle api sono risultati, infatti, quelli meno intaccati dai bruchi. Sono le api, dunque, che permettono ai frutti di crescere sani e di non essere intaccati dai vermi, più di qualsiasi disserbante o pesticida chimico, la Natura aveva già assegnato ai laboriosi insetti questo compito.
Lo studio ha accertato che le piante circondate da api e bruchi avevano il 70% in meno di danni alle foglie, rispetto agli organismi vegetali isolati con i soli bruchi senza le api.
Come affermato dagli stessi studiosi:

I nostri risultati spiegano chiaramente per la prima volta che le api da miele forniscono alle piante un vantaggio del tutto inatteso. Non solo trasportano il polline da fiore a fiore ma riducono anche la distruzione delle piante da parte degli erbivori.

Secondo gli studiosi l’agricoltura sostenibile dovrebbe dunque porsi come obiettivo primario proprio la difesa delle api, nel rispetto delle loro naturali funzioni, che potrebbero tornare utili ai coltivatori stessi, eliminando i parassiti senza l’impiego di sostanze tossiche.

61 commenti su “L’agricoltura sostenibile usa le api come guardie del corpo delle piante contro i parassiti”

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