Spesso si parla di energia solare in generale, ma se non ci si interessa più nel dettaglio di tale tecnologia, si finisce nella maggior parte dei casi a confondere fotovoltaico e solare, credendo che uno è sinonimo dell’altro. Ovviamente non è cosi. Per semplificare la spiegazione, basti dire che mentre il fotovoltaico è un’operazione tramite la quale alcuni materiali semiconduttori, come il silicio che è il più usato, assorbono l’energia solare e producono energia elettrica; il solare termico raccoglie l’energia solare tramite un collettore per riscaldare i fluidi, di solito l’acqua, che rimane sempre alla temperatura scelta dall’utente.
Dunque, tirando le somme, se volete energia elettrica dovreste installare un impianto fotovoltaico; se volete l’acqua calda dovete provvedere al solare termico. Secondo la tecnologia attuale, l’efficienza di un pannello fotovoltaico va dal 6 al 15% (cioè solo il 6/15% dell’energia solare viene convertita in energia elettrica), mentre l’efficienza dei pannelli solari si aggira intorno all’80%.
Attualmente, al netto dei contributi statali che, si sa, sono sempre suscettibili di cambiamento e ostacolati dalla macchina burocratica, il consiglio per la famiglia media è di installare un pannello solare in quanto più economico ed efficiente. Il costo di un impianto solare può variare tra i 1.500 e i 3.000 euro, mentre il costo di un impianto fotovoltaico va dai 7.000 ai 10.000 euro, fino ai più efficienti, quelli che producono energia in surplus che si può vendere nella rete nazionale, che arrivano a costare anche 13/15.ooo euro come quello appena uscito dalla Beghelli che, come dice la stessa pubblicità, “si ripaga da solo”.
La confusione tra i due nasce non solo dal fatto che prendono energia dal sole, ma anche perché, all’apparenza, si assomigliano molto. Entrambi infatti vengono installati sottoforma di pannelli sul tetto (anche se il fotovoltaico è più grande del solare), mentre l’impianto interno è completamente diverso. Mentre per il fotovoltaico c’è bisogno di un macchinario, l’inverter, che converte l’energia solare in energia elettrica, il solare ha bisogno di un collettore.
Per quanto riguarda l’energia prodotta, mediamente una famiglia ha bisogno di 1,5/2 Kwh al giorno, anche se tale soglia cambia a seconda del numero di persone e dallo stile di vita che si segue (in America l’energia consumata è molto maggiore che in Europa). Ad ogni modo, è questa la capacità installata dell’impianto fotovoltaico medio, il che renderebbe la casa su cui è installato elettricamente autosufficiente. Stessa cosa per l’acqua: non ci sarà più bisogno di elettricità per riscaldarla, dato che di solito l’impianto solare è sufficiente all’uso quotidiano (dalle docce alla lavastoviglie).
La durata di vita media di un impianto fotovoltaico è di 20-25 anni, ed esso si ripaga attraverso il risparmio sulla bolletta e gli incentivi statali in 7-10 anni; la durata media del solare invece è di 20 anni, anche se alcune parti cominciano un declino di efficienza prima, e la manutenzione dev’essere precisa e costante. Il tempo di “payback”, cioè il recupero del costo, ha le stesse variabili del fotovoltaico ed è di 4-7 anni, fino ad un massimo di 10 per gli impianti più complessi.
Alcune precisazioni: innanzitutto normalmente si distingue tra fotovoltaico e solare termico, o solare per produzione di ACS (acqua calda sanitaria). Poi il declino dell’efficienza è costante nel fotovoltaico e meno nel solare termico, anche se in questo caso bisogna distinguere tra impianti a circolazione forzata e naturale, avendo il primo una maggiore complessità.
Infine la dimensione. Il solare termico ha un senso anche se prendo un piccolo pannello da 700 euro, mi fa risparmiare e occupa poco spazio, il fotovoltaico invece ha un senso se il dimensionamento è corretto. Per questo normalmente si pensa che il fotovoltaico sia più grande. In realtà se si vuole l’integrazione al riscaldamento anche l’impianto termico può essere bello grande. Ma soprattutto il termico è su grandi superfici quando copre l’utilizzo dell’acqua calda di piscine, stabilimenti balneari, campeggi, dove effettivamente abbatte i consumi in maniera decisa.
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